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In both Fiji and the United States, people tend to assume that a person displaying pride has high social status.

A) True
B) False

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True

The rates at which people recognize the nonverbal expression of a given emotion tends to be consistent across the face, posture, voice, and touch.

A) True
B) False

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A study by Adams and Kleck (2003) found that expressions are recognized at equal rates whether the expresser is looking at you or elsewhere, whereas expressions are recognized more easily when the expresser is looking somewhere else.


A) anger; fear
B) disgust; fear
C) fear; sadness
D) sadness; anger

E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

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Research indicates that cultures higher on tend to have stronger display rules discouraging the expression of negative emotions.


A) individualism
B) collectivism
C) horizontality
D) dialecticism

E) A) and D)
F) C) and D)

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During the mid-twentieth century, it was widely accepted throughout the social sciences that emotional expressions are mostly the product of cultural learning.

A) True
B) False

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Which of the following conclusions is best supported by Ekman and colleagues' cross-cultural data on facial expressions of emotion, as described in your textbook?


A) People in many countries throughout the world agree on what the typical expression of several, specific emotions should look like.
B) People in many countries throughout the world interpret certain facial expressions as indicating the same or similar emotion states, at frequencies well above chance.
C) People in many countries throughout the world show similar facial expressions when asked to pose several, specific emotions.
D) People in many countries throughout the world have the same internal templates for producing facial expressions of several, specific emotions.

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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Explain what the facial feedback hypothesis is, and describe the methods and results of one study that has been used to test this hypothesis.

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(i) The facial feedback hypothesis state...

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Your textbook describes a complicated situation in the literature on the facial feedback hypothesis. On one hand, many studies conducted by several different research teams have supported this hypothesis. On the other hand, when 17 researchers conducted the original pen-in-the-mouth study by Strack, Martin, and Stepper (1988), the results failed to replicate the original study findings. In your essay, describe the facial feedback hypothesis, and suggest a way for researchers to decide whether it is correct or not in the face of this conflicting evidence.

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The facial feedback hypothesis suggests ...

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According to evidence discussed in your textbook, people recognize emotions from which of the following categories at the highest rates, based on nonverbal vocal expression (e.g., vocal bursts) alone?


A) Positive-valence emotions, such as enthusiasm and contentment
B) Negative-valence emotions, such as anger and fear
C) Emotions about objects or events "out there" in the world, such as amusement
D) Emotions about relationships with other people, such as gratitude

E) B) and C)
F) All of the above

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Explain why it has been important for researchers to study the nonverbal expression of emotions in many different cultures, including cultures that are relatively isolated from the modern world.

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Studying expression and recognition of e...

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Which of the following theories predicts that emotions are expressed in exactly the same way, universally among humans throughout the world?


A) Basic/discrete emotions theory
B) Core affect/Psychological construction theory
C) The component process model
D) None of the theories above would make this prediction.

E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

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According to one perspective on facial expressions of emotion, facial expressions reliably convey the valence (positive-negative dimension) of emotional experience across cultures, but other aspects of expression are culturally learned, and may even be specific to an individual. This explanation of facial expressions is most closely aligned with which modern theory of emotion?


A) Basic/discrete emotions theory
B) Core affect/Psychological construction theory
C) The component process model
D) This explanation of facial expressions is not closely aligned with any of these theories.

E) B) and D)
F) None of the above

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Which of the following best describes the data Charles Darwin collected, in an effort to show that humans express emotions in similar ways throughout the world?


A) Darwin sent photographs of emotional expressions, posed by people in England, to acquaintances living in places throughout the world, and had the acquaintances ask native people to interpret the meaning of each expression.
B) Darwin wrote to acquaintances living in places throughout the world, and told them to photograph native people's expressions in various emotional situations.
C) Darwin wrote to acquaintances living in places throughout the world, and asked them whether native people express each emotion in a particular way, such as "do people express surprise by raising their eyebrows?"
D) Darwin wrote to acquaintances living in places throughout the world, and told them to ask native people what emotion they were feeling each time they showed a facial expression.

E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

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C

Paul Ekman's original cross-cultural study on facial expressions, conducted with participants in small villages in New Guinea, examined:


A) whether participants chose the expected verbal emotion term for each posed expression.
B) whether participants posed the expected expression after hearing a story about an emotional situation.
C) whether participants chose the expected posed expression as the best match for a story about an emotional situation.
D) whether participants displayed the expected expression when in a real-life situation in which an emotion would be expected.

E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

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Describe one example of a "display rule" in your culture, not previously discussed in your textbook or in class.

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In my culture, one example of a "display rule" is the expectation to show respect to elders by using specific forms of address and gestures. For example, when addressing an older person, it is customary to use honorific titles such as "uncle" or "auntie" in addition to their name, as a sign of respect. Additionally, it is expected to bow slightly when greeting or saying goodbye to an elder as a display of deference. These display rules are ingrained in our culture as a way to show reverence and honor towards older individuals, and failing to adhere to these rules can be seen as disrespectful.

According to one perspective on facial expressions of emotion, complex facial expressions are made up of individual movements, each of which conveys a particular appraisal such as unexpectedness or certainty, rather than pre-defined "packages" of movement. This explanation of facial expressions is most closely aligned with which modern theory of emotion?


A) Basic/discrete emotions theory
B) Core affect/Psychological construction theory
C) The component process model
D) This explanation of facial expressions is not closely aligned with any of these theories.

E) None of the above
F) B) and D)

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Which of the following best summarizes the results in the study by Wallace Friesen (1972) of emotional expression while watching disgusting videos?


A) Participants from both Japan and the United States expressed disgust when watching the video alone, but masked their disgust with a neutral face when watching it in the presence of a higher-status experimenter.
B) Participants from the United States expressed disgust whether they were alone or in the presence of an experimenter; Japanese participants showed a neutral expression whether they were alone or with the experimenter.
C) Participants from both Japan and the United States expressed disgust when watching the video alone; in the experimenter's presence, the Japanese showed a neutral expression, and the Americans smiled.
D) Participants from the United States expressed disgust whether they were alone or in the presence of an experimenter; Japanese participants showed a disgust expression when they were alone, but smiled when the experimenter was present.

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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Which of the following effects of "power posing," reported in the original study by Carney, Cuddy, and Yap (2010) , has been replicated in subsequent research?


A) Feeling more powerful
B) Making riskier decisions in a gambling task
C) Showing increased testosterone and decreased cortisol
D) All of the effects above have replicated in subsequent research.

E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

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Which of the following best describes the facial feedback hypothesis?


A) Producing the facial expression of some emotion can facilitate actually feeling that emotion.
B) Displaying the facial expression of some emotion leads other people to give you feedback on your feelings.
C) Once a facial expression begins, it tends to continue in a positive feedback loop.
D) Displaying the facial expression of some emotion leads other people to treat you in a way that facilitates continued experience of that emotion.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and C)

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According to one perspective on facial expressions of emotion, human nature provides a detailed template for the expression of each emotion; culture may tinker with the way the template is expressed, but the template itself is universal. This explanation of facial expressions is most closely aligned with which modern theory of emotion?


A) Basic/discrete emotions theory
B) Core affect/Psychological construction theory
C) The component process model
D) This explanation of facial expressions is not closely aligned with any of these theories.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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