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Preschools that reliably benefit early-childhood learning share a _____ approach.


A) child-centered
B) teacher-directed
C) home-based
D) high-quality

E) None of the above
F) A) and C)

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D

According to Vygotsky, a child's first guided participation is provided by a guide who is likely a(n) _____.


A) classmate
B) teacher
C) parent
D) older sibling

E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

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About _____ percent of U.S. 3- and 4-year-olds attend Head Start programs.

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12; twelve

The development of theory of mind has been demonstrated across cultures.

A) True
B) False

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_____ designed a special educational program with structured, individualized projects meant to give children a sense of accomplishment.

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"You are your mom's daughter, right?" Grandpa asked Beatriz. "Yes!" Beatriz eagerly answered. "Well, your mom is my daughter," Grandpa replied. "No! She's my Mommy!" Beatriz exclaimed. Why did Beatriz make this error?


A) conservation
B) object permanence
C) overregularization
D) centration

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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The term for the time when language learning is most easily and readily accomplished is a _____.


A) zone of proximal development
B) sensitive period
C) critical period
D) preoperational period

E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

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Maturation of the brain's _____ is required for the development of a child's capacity to understand the perspective of others.

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Overimitation is demonstrated when 2- to 6-year-old children imitate adult actions that are irrelevant, time-consuming, and inefficient.

A) True
B) False

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Amy designed her preschool classroom with several play areas that can accommodate groups of children so that they can learn from one another. Her classroom shows the influence of _____, who thought that children learn from other children in addition to adults.

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Head Start provides the strongest benefits for children from the lowest income families, for those living in _____ areas, and for those with disabilities.

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rural

The belief that inanimate things (furniture, moon, clouds) are alive is called _____.

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According to Piaget, one of the reasons that logic is beyond young children is that _____.


A) young children are not capable of fast-mapping
B) young children tend to engage in cognitive reversal processes
C) young children assume that the world is always changing
D) young children contemplate the world exclusively from their own personal perspective

E) None of the above
F) B) and D)

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Which child is likely to have the most advanced theory of mind?


A) Dewei, who is 6 years old
B) Carter, who is deaf
C) Faakhir, who has autism spectrum disorder
D) Jacob, who is 4 years old

E) B) and C)
F) All of the above

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Sydney helps her 2-year-old daughter to make hot chocolate. She helps the child to measure teaspoons of cocoa into a cup, add water, stir the contents, and then microwave the cup. Sydney is providing _____.


A) scaffolding
B) overstimulation
C) conservation skills
D) the zone of proximal development

E) A) and C)
F) All of the above

Correct Answer

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The goal of most teacher-directed preschools is _____.


A) promoting individual achievement
B) encouraging informal social interaction
C) to make all children "ready to learn"
D) teaching children to read by the end of the year

E) None of the above
F) B) and D)

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The process by which children develop an interconnected set of categories for words is called _____.


A) scaffolding
B) fast-mapping
C) guided participation
D) conservation

E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

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Four-year-old Graciela is a fluent bilingual, which means that she _____.


A) speaks her native language fluently but has limitations when speaking her second language
B) understands her native language and her second language but speaks only in her native language
C) is fluent in both her native language and her second language
D) understands her native language but speaks her second language more fluently

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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The results of a study in which 3- to 6-year-old children copied adults who waved a red stick before using it to open a box revealed that scaffolding occurs through observation as well as explicit guidance.

A) True
B) False

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Intensive early-childhood programs have been implemented in the United States. Give at least four examples of ways in which children benefit from early intervention (in the short term or the long term).

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The benefits are most apparent for 1) ch...

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